一、核心微生物技術

1、 Core Microbial Technology

1. 功能微生物篩選與培育

1. Screening and cultivation of functional microorganisms

優勢菌種：

Advantageous bacterial species:

硫氧化菌（如硫杆菌屬Thiobacillus、硫化葉菌屬Sulfolobus）：氧化硫化氫（H₂S）、單質硫（S₀）、硫代硫酸鹽（S₂O₃²⁻）等，生成硫酸（H₂SO₄）。

Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (such as Thiobacillus and Sulfolobus) oxidize hydrogen sulfide (H ₂ S), elemental sulfur (S ₀), thiosesulfate (S ₂ O ∝ ² ⁻), etc. to produce sulfuric acid (H ₂ SO ₄).

有機硫降解菌（如假單胞菌屬Pseudomonas、紅球菌屬Rhodococcus）：分解含硫有機物（如二苯並噻吩 DBT、硫醇、硫醚），通過 C-S 鍵斷裂實現脫硫。

Organic sulfur degrading bacteria (such as Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus): decompose sulfur-containing organic compounds (such as dibenzothiophene DBT, thiols, and thioethers) and achieve desulfurization through C-S bond cleavage.

基因工程改良：通過基因編輯（如 CRISPR 技術）增強菌種耐受性（耐高溫、高鹽、毒性底物）和脫硫效率，例如提高關鍵酶（如 DBT 單加氧酶）的表達量。

Genetic engineering improvement: Enhancing bacterial tolerance (high temperature, high salt, toxic substrates) and desulfurization efficiency through gene editing (such as CRISPR technology), such as increasing the expression level of key enzymes (such as DBT monooxygenase).

2. 微生物代謝途徑

2. Microbial metabolic pathways

直接脫硫：微生物直接作用於硫原子，如將 DBT 轉化為 2 - 羥基聯苯（HBP），硫以硫酸鹽形式釋放。

Direct desulfurization: Microorganisms directly act on sulfur atoms, such as converting DBT into 2-hydroxybiphenyl (HBP), and sulfur is released in the form of sulfate.

間接脫硫：微生物代謝產生酸性物質（如硫酸）或氧化劑（如 Fe³⁺），間接氧化硫化物，常見於煤炭脫硫的Fe³⁺- 微生物耦合體係。

Indirect desulfurization: Microbial metabolism produces acidic substances (such as sulfuric acid) or oxidants (such as Fe ³ ⁺), indirectly oxidizing sulfides, commonly found in the Fe ³ ⁺ - microbial coupling system of coal desulfurization.

二、關鍵工藝技術

2、 Key process technology

1. 廢氣生物脫硫工藝

1. Biological desulfurization process for exhaust gas

生物濾池（Biofilter）：

Biofilter:

適用場景：低濃度、易溶於水的 H₂S 廢氣（如汙水處理廠、垃圾填埋場）。

Applicable scenarioses: Low concentration, water-soluble H ₂ S waste gas (such as sewage treatment plants, landfills).

原理：廢氣通過填充微生物載體（如木屑、活性炭）的濾床，H₂S 被微生物氧化為硫酸，載體需定期噴淋營養液維持活性。

Principle: The exhaust gas passes through a filter bed filled with microbial carriers (such as sawdust and activated carbon), and H ₂ S is oxidized to sulfuric acid by microorganisms. The carrier needs to be regularly sprayed with nutrient solution to maintain its activity.

生物滴濾塔（Biotrickling Filter）：

Biotickling Filter:

適用場景：高濃度、負荷波動大的廢氣（如石油化工尾氣）。

Applicable scenarioses: high concentration and high load fluctuation exhaust gases (such as petrochemical tail gas).

特點：液相循環噴淋，可調節 pH 和營養，處理效率穩定（H₂S 去除率＞95%），如德國 BASF 的 Biothane 技術。

Features: Liquid phase circulating spray, adjustable pH and nutrition, stable treatment efficiency (H ₂ S removal rate>95%), such as the Biothane technology from BASF in Germany.

2. 液體 / 固體燃料生物脫硫

2. Biological desulfurization of liquid/solid fuels

煤炭生物脫硫：

Coal biological desulfurization:

漿液反應器：將煤粉碎後與微生物懸液混合，通過攪拌或曝氣促進反應，去除煤中有機硫（如噻吩類）和無機硫（如黃鐵礦 FeS₂）。

Slurry reactor: Coal is crushed and mixed with microbial suspension, and the reaction is promoted by stirring or aeration to remove organic sulfur (such as thiophene) and inorganic sulfur (such as pyrite FeS ₂) from coal.

兩相分配反應器：利用油 - 水兩相體係，提高疏水性有機硫（如 DBT）的傳質效率，例如加拿大 PetroCanada 開發的工藝可降低柴油硫含量至 10ppm 以下。

Two phase distribution reactor: Utilizing an oil-water two-phase system to improve the mass transfer efficiency of hydrophobic organic sulfur (such as DBT), for example, the process developed by PetroCanada in Canada can reduce the sulfur content of diesel fuel to below 10ppm.

石油生物脫硫：

Petroleum biological desulfurization:

固定化細胞技術：將微生物固定在多孔載體（如海藻酸鈣）上，重複利用並減少菌種流失，適用於連續化煉油脫硫。

Fixed cell technology: immobilizing microorganisms on porous carriers (such as calcium alginate), reusing and reducing bacterial loss, suitable for continuous refining and desulfurization.

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